ANM GNM Biology (Life Science) Notes
Master the most important subject for your WBJEEB ANM GNM 2026 entrance exam. Complete key-point summaries and explanations compiled by biology experts.
Core Chapters covered in Life Science
Life Science contributes 40 out of the 100 marks in the exam, making it the deciding factor for your rank. The exam tests both factual knowledge and conceptual understanding.
1. Cell Biology
Cell structure, organelle functions (mitochondria, ribosome, lysosomes), cell division (mitosis & meiosis), and chromosome structure.
2. Human Physiology
Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, and endocrine systems. Focus on hormones and enzyme functions.
3. Genetics & Evolution
Mendel's laws of inheritance, DNA vs RNA structure, genetic disorders (Thalassemia, Hemophilia, Color Blindness).
4. Environment & Health
Ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, environmental pollution, pathogens, viral/bacterial/protozoan diseases, and immunity.
Cell Structure & Cell Division
Key Concepts to Remember:
- Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus (e.g., bacteria). Eukaryotes have a defined nucleus (e.g., plants and animals).
- Mitochondria: The "Powerhouse of the Cell" because they produce ATP during cellular respiration.
- Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis (translation). Often called the "Protein Factory".
- Mitosis: Occurs in somatic (body) cells. Results in 2 genetically identical diploid (2n) daughter cells. Responsible for growth.
- Meiosis: Occurs in germ (reproductive) cells. Results in 4 haploid (n) daughter cells with crossing over, introducing genetic variation.
Human Physiology & Endocrine Hormones
Important Hormones & Functions:
| Gland | Hormone | Primary Function / Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Pituitary | Growth Hormone (GH) | Regulates bone and tissue growth (Dwarfism / Gigantism if unbalanced) |
| Thyroid | Thyroxine | Controls basal metabolic rate (Goitre occurs due to Iodine deficiency) |
| Pancreas | Insulin | Lowers blood glucose levels (Deficiency causes Diabetes Mellitus) |
| Adrenal | Adrenaline | Prepares the body for emergency action (increases heart rate) |
| Testes / Ovaries | Testosterone / Estrogen | Development of secondary sexual characters |
Genetics, Nutrition & Common Diseases
🧬 Genetics Summary
Mendel used Garden Pea plants (Pisum sativum) for his inheritance experiments. The Monohybrid ratio is 3:1 (phenotypic) and 1:2:1 (genotypic). The Dihybrid ratio is 9:3:3:1. Know the genetic basis of sex determination in humans (XX for females, XY for males).
🍎 Vitamins & Deficiency
Vitamin A (Retinol): Deficiency causes Night Blindness.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Deficiency causes Scurvy.
Vitamin D (Calciferol): Deficiency causes Rickets (in children).
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone): Deficiency leads to bleeding disorders (poor blood clotting).
Frequently Asked Questions on Biology
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